Parallel processing mechanisms in uni-processor computers

Basic Uniprocessor architecture:

A typical uniprocessor architecture consists of three major components: the main memory, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Input/Output subsystem.

We identify parallel processing mechanisms in the following six categories:

Multiple functional units:
Many of the functions of the ALU can be distributed to multiple functional units which can operate in parallel.
Parallelism and pipelining with the CPU:
Parallel adders using carry-save and carry-lookahead instead of the bit-serial adder. The use of multiple functional units is a form of parallelism within the CPU.
Various phases of Instruction execution are now pipelined using Instruction prefetch and data buffering techniques.
Overlapped CPU and I/O operations:
I/O operations can be performed simultaneously by using separate I/O controllers, channels or I/O processor. DMA(direct-memory-access) to provide direct information transfer between main memory and I/O devices.
Use of hierarchy memory systems
A hierarchical memory system can help in speeding up memory access.
Balancing of subsystem BandWidths
As CPU is fastest with processor cycle tp of tens of nanoseconds, the main memory has cycle time tm of 100s of nanoseconds and I/O devices with average access time td of few milliseconds.
td>tm>tp
Bandwith of a system is no. of operations performed per unit time. Let W be no. of words delivered per unit time, then B=W/t.
So, the speed gap between CPU and memory can be closed up by using fast cache memory in between them.
I/O channels with different speeds can be used between the slow I/O devices and memory to speed up.
Multi Programming and Timesharing

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